在这节Magoosh ACT英语课中，我们将讨论语法基础。别傻了，尽管我们要讨论两个非常基本的问题 关于英语的概念，它们对你来说非常重要，因为我会指出原因。 所以跟我在一起，一开始看起来很基本。你会想，哦，我在幼儿园学的。

But I'm going to tell you why it's important in more complex scenarios that you are going to face on the ACT. All right, so first of all, what makes a sentence? A lot of you probably already know this, but it is a subject and a verb. 如果我们有“狗”,并不是一个sentence, that would just be a noun. Or a subject, barked, also not a sentence, that would just be the verb.

But the dog barked is a sentence, we have a subject here, the dog, and we have a verb, barked. 那狗吠的那句话呢，那是一句话吗？其实这并不是因为我们在这里所做的是 that verb 'bark' and we've used the gerund form of it. You don't need to necessarily know what that's called but 你需要知道如何识别它。

It's the ing form of a verb. Like dancing, or singing, or running. And on it's own, the gerund doesn't really act like a verb so that is not a sentence. But, if we give it a little helping verb here like is. 狗在叫。狗在叫，狗一直在叫。

然后，它变成进行时，这是一个动词。所以，小心不要自动地假设动名词 is a verb even though you've seen it used as part of a verb many times, but that is always with a helping verb like is or has or was or had been. 这些助动词表明动作是随着时间的推移而进行的，所以狗吠是一个句子。

A dog that is barking. Now what about this? 这是一个句子吗？不是因为我们在这里插入了这个词，那个词。 那是什么？这使许多学生在考试中遇到更复杂的例子 because there'll be a lot of extra words around it.

你说，这里有主语，这里有动词，所以这一定是一个句子。 But this word, that, makes it not a sentence. Why does it ruin it? 这是一篇明确的文章，就像那个女孩坐在前排一样。好吧，再说一遍，你不需要知道定冠词是什么， 这对于英语考试来说有点复杂了，但是你需要知道添加这样的东西，否则会毁了这个句子。

现在整件事都变成了所谓的名词短语。吠叫的狗。 So if we had this sentence, the girl is walking with a dog that is barking. This is a sentence. Now we have this noun phrase here. It could be the girl is walking with an umbrella.

The girl is walking with her grandmother, but it is a dog that is barking. So that is a noun phrase and here we have a subject and 我们有一个进行时的动词。所以这在那里是可行的。 所以要小心，不要仅仅因为你看到一个主语和一个动词，就认为它是一个句子。

好吧。这是第二点在考试中非常重要的一点， and that is English is what is called an SVO language. That means it is a subject verb object language. 有些，有些语言没有那种顺序。希腊语就是其中之一。

If you've studied Spanish for example, you might know that sometimes you can do subject and 动词，有时动词可以排在第一位，也可以这样重新排序。但总的来说，用英语做陈述最清楚的方法 is to have the subject and the verb and then the object. So for example.

The woman, a subject, built, verb, a sandcastle, so an object receives the action of that verb. I eat cereal. I is our subject, eat is our verb, cereal is the object. 这就是我们吃的东西。我妹妹是主语，爱是动词，看电视是宾语。

可以？所以这可能是一个句子。我妹妹喜欢看电视。 And then we have what I'm calling other stuff here. Technically it's a prepositional phrase. But the reason I'm just calling it other stuff here is because often when you are writing a sentence in English, the clearest way to do it is to 先有主语，然后是动词，然后是宾语，如果有的话。

并不总是有一个物体。但肯定是主语和动词，然后是其他东西。 有时你会看到介绍性短语或修饰语。这句话可以在她做完作业后写， my sister loves watching TV. And that would be fine, but if you have a good choice on the test, you want to pick the structure that goes subject, verb, other stuff or object.

好吧，让我在两个类似测试的例子中向你展示这是如何工作的。因此，健身产业方兴未艾，这意味着健康 clubs and fad workout centers will be popping up on every block. Here are our answer choices. So, right now we have this gerund here, burgeoning, but we don't have our helper verb here to make that a sentence, and so that is a big clue.

It could be the fitness industry, therefore is burgeoning, but there's other ways to fix this. 所以你可能有这种直觉，但我们首先要看看我们的答案选择。 所以它不是没有变化，因为它没有动词，至少在第一部分。

This is a compound sentence. The second part has a sentence with a subject and a verb. 所以，B是因此，健身产业蓬勃发展。所以这一切都是从一开始。 You might think, oh well, that's clearer. Just get rid of that therefore at the beginning.

But we still don't have our helper verb. We still don't have that is. C. The fitness industry, therefore, is burgeoning. 这就是我们所说的将修复这个句子，在那里添加帮助动词。然后是D，新兴的健身产业，逗号。

这意味着，但是我们这里又少了一个动词。所以在这种情况下，动名词被放在健身行业之前， and now it would be acting as an adjective. And you might think hey, that sounds better. 我喜欢这句话的发音，但我们还缺一个动词。我们需要一个动词。

And so that would be incorrect as well too. And C is our answer. Now sometimes on the test you're going to be looking for the clearest way to express an idea. 这就是主语动词宾语，或主语动词其他东西结构变得非常重要的地方。

So let's take a look at this example. Convincing him to prod deeper into the underlying causes behind the discrepancies in his findings, Smith's mentor was instrumental. Sounded a little awkward to me so let's go ahead and look at our alternatives. B、 史密斯的导师说服他深入探究研究结果差异背后的根本原因。

注意这里我们有一个主题，导师或者史密斯的导师。我们有一个动词和一个宾语，他，然后我们还有其他的东西。 So that is a pretty clear structure. Let's make sure it's the clearest though. C, To prod deeper into the underlying causes behind the discrepancies in his findings was what Smith was convinced to do by his mentor.

这听起来有点罗嗦，有点尴尬，在这里有这种被动的时态，通常我们想尽量避免， and speak in active tense with an active verb, Smith's mentor convinced him. So we're gonna cross that one out. D, convinced by his mentor, Smith prodded deeper into the underlying causes Behind the discrepancies in his findings.

现在，我把这个答案放在这里有一个非常重要的原因。这句话没什么错。 我明白它的意思，史密斯被他的导师说服了，所以我们这里有主语，我们有动词，我们有其他的东西，还有 we have this introductory modifier, Smith was convinced by his mentor. But if you see something like this on the test, and you're choosing between B and 选择B是因为这是我们最清晰的结构。

因此，如果有一个逗号在那里，似乎没有必要，如果你能写的句子，它将是明确的，而不创造额外的动词或 parenthetical information, which is when we have information set by commas, then choose that option, that is always going to be the clearest sentence. Okay, so just quick recap. You want to know what makes a sentence?

主语和动词。注意动名词，那些没有助动词的修饰词。 注意那些带有类似意思的短语。吠叫的狗。 Because that will ruin the sentence and make it not a sentence. And pay attention to be looking out for subject, verb, other stuff structure 当你被要求用最清晰的方式用英语表达一个短语时。

记住这两个基本的语法对你的考试有很大的帮助。